Diferencias según sexo en pacientes ingresados en cuidados intensivos / Differences according to sex in patients admitted to intensive care units i: en

Introducción: Hoy día existen disparidades en cuanto al sexo en pacientes con enfermedades graves, lo cual no ha podido ser explicado en los estudios clínico-epidemiológicos realizados hasta el momento. Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias según sexo en pacientes ingresados en cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y prospectivo de 187 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Provincial Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de la provincia de Granma, que incluyó los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2018-2020. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, origen, diagnóstico al ingreso, estado al egreso, estadía hospitalaria, síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, estadio de la sepsis, factores de riesgo, infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad y tratamiento requerido. Resultados: En la investigación la mayoría de los pacientes correspondieron al sexo femenino (60,9 %) y la edad media fue de 31,6 y 49,6 años en mujeres y hombres, respectivamente (p=0,000). Asimismo, existieron diferencias significativas en cuanto al origen (p=0,012) y los diagnósticos iniciales (p=0,018); mientras que el promedio del APACHE II resultó ser de 7,2 en mujeres y de 11,6 en hombres (p=0,000) y la escala para la evaluación de fallo orgánico secuencial tuvo una media de 0,7 y 2,0, en ese mismo orden (p=0,000). Conclusiones: Los pacientes del sexo masculino presentaron edad promedio, diagnóstico, origen, gravedad y disfunción de órganos significativamente diferentes a los del femenino. Si bien no se apreciaron disparidades en cuanto a factores de riesgo e infecciones asociadas a la comunidad, la frecuencia de hombres que requieren tratamiento fue significativamente más alta.

Introduction: Nowadays disparities as for sex in patients with serious diseases can be found, which has not been explained in the clinical-epidemiological studies carried out until the moment. Objective: To identify the differences according to sex in patients admitted to intensive care units. Methods: An observational and prospective study of 187 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Provincial General Hospital was carried out in Granma that included the months of November and December, 2018-2020. Among the analyzed variables we can mention: age, sex, origin, diagnosis at admission, state when discharged from the unit, hospital stay, syndrome of systemic inflammatory response, stage of the sepsis, risk factors, community acquired infections and required treatment. Results: In the investigation most of the patients corresponded to female sex (60.9 %) and the mean age was 31.6 and 49.6 years in women and men, respectively (p=0.000). Also, significant differences existed as for the origin (p=0.012) and the initial diagnoses (p=0.018); while the average of the APACHE II was 7.2 in women and 11.6 in men (p=0.000) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score had a mean of 0.7 and 2.0, in that same order (p=0.000). Conclusions: The patients of male sex presented average age, diagnosis, origin, seriousness and dysfunction of organs significantly different to those of female sex. Although disparities were not appreciated as for risk factors and infections associated with the community, the frequency of men that require treatment was significantly higher.

Hipoalbuminemia y riesgo de muerte en pacientes críticos en una unidad polivalente

Introducción: La hipoalbuminemia se puede desarrollar en las primeras horas posteriores a una enfermedad aguda y está muy relacionada con un estado inflamatorio activo, independientemente del estado nutricional del paciente. Se ha asociado con la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con complicaciones postquirúrgicas, pacientes con sepsis y trauma. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre los niveles de hipoalbuminemia y el riesgo de mortalidad del paciente crítico en una unidad polivalente. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, de serie de casos, con 216 pacientes que ingresaron en la unidad. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio y se aplicó el índice pronóstico APACHE II. Se determinó la concentración de albúmina al ingreso y se clasificó la hipoalbuminemia en leve (30-35 g/L) y moderada/grave (≤ 30 g/L). Resultados: En el estudio fallecieron 28 pacientes, lo que representó un 13 % del total de pacientes ingresados. La albúmina presentó niveles bajos en 118 pacientes (54,6 %), y de estos, 66 (56 %) presentaron cifras inferiores a los 30 g/L; o sea, una hipoalbuminemia moderada o grave. Los pacientes con hipoalbuminemia moderada-grave tuvieron un riesgo de muerte superior (23,5 %) a aquellos con niveles clasificados como leve (15,3 %), diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,034); y en el grupo de pacientes con hipoalbuminemia moderada- grave falleció el 67 %, en relación con el 33 % de los pacientes con niveles clasificados como leve. Conclusiones: La hipoalbuminemia moderada-grave se asocia con el riesgo de mortalidad, independientemente del diagnóstico al ingreso.

Introduction: Hypoalbuminemia can develop in the first hours after an acute illness, and is closely related to an active inflammatory state, regardless of the patient's nutritional status. It has been associated with hospital mortality in patients with post-surgical complications, patients with sepsis and trauma. Objective: To evaluate the association between hypoalbuminemia level and the risk of mortality in critically ill patients in a polyvalent unit. Methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective, case series study, with 216 patients admitted to the unit. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were analyzed and the APACHE II prognostic score was applied. Albumin concentration is calculated on admission and hypoalbuminemia is classified as mild (30-35 g/L) and moderate/severe (≤ 30 g/L). Results: In the study, 28 patients died, which represented 13% of the total number of patients admitted. Albumin levels were low in 118 patients (54.6%), and of these 66 patients (56%) were classified as hypoalbuminemia moderate/severe, with albumin values below 30 g/L. Patients with moderate-severe hypoalbuminemia had a higher risk of death (23.5%) than those patients with levels classified as mild (15.3%), a statistically significant difference (p= 0.034); and in the group of patients with moderate-severe hypoalbuminemia, 67% died, in relation to 33% of patients with levels classified as mild. Conclusions: Moderate-severe hypoalbuminemia is associated with mortality risk, regardless of admission diagnosis.

Concordancia de valoraciones del dolor entre la Escala de Conductas Indicadoras del Dolor y Behavioral Pain Scale / Concordance of pain assessment between the Escala de Conductas Indicadoras de Dolor y Behavioral Pain Scale

Introducción: La valoración del dolor del paciente critico se basa en indicadores conductuales. Actualmente existen diversas escalas con diferencias en la forma de puntuar la presencia de dolor. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia entre mediciones del dolor según la Escala de conductas indicadoras de dolor (ESCID) y la Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS). Métodos: Estudio observacional en pacientes con ventilación mecánica. Se aplicaron la BPS y la ESCID en reposo y durante aspiración de secreciones, a fin de determinar su concordancia mediante el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen y el nivel de dolor de la ESCID. Resultados: La concordancia estadística entre la BPS y la ESCID fue 0.23 según el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen, considerada "regular" de acuerdo con Landis y Koch. La BPS determinó presencia de dolor en 93.4% de pacientes durante la aspiración de secreciones, y la ESCID lo detectó en el 100%, clasificando 80% en nivel moderado­grave. Limitaciones de estudio: Muestra de 15 pacientes. El estudio se realizó en dos momentos. Originalidad: El resultado obtenido no tiene comparación con otro estudio, pues sólo se ha estudiado la concordancia entre observadores. Conclusiones: La concordancia entre las mediciones del dolor con ambas escalas se considera baja. La ESCID muestra mayor sensibilidad, aunque los niveles de puntuaciones bajas pueden ser causados por factores no relacionados con dolor. BPS muestra menor sensibilidad, pues considera la presencia de dolor con puntajes sin clasificaciones intermedias. Este estudio apoya el uso de ESCID como una escala confiable en las valoraciones del dolor.

Introduction: Pain assessment in critical patients is based on behavioral indicators. Currently, there are various scales that differ in their pain-scoring systems. Objective: To determine the concordance between pain measurements according the Behavioural Indicators of Pain Scale (ESCID, by its acronym in Spanish) and Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS). Methods: Observational study in patients subjected to mechanical ventilation. The BPS and the ESCID were applied at rest and during aspiration of secretions, in order to determine their concordance using Cohen's kappa coefficient and pain level according to ESCID. Results: The statistical concordance between the BPS and ESCID was 0.23 according to Cohen's kappa coefficient, considered "regular" as stated by Landis and Koch. BPS determined the presence of pain in 93.4% of patients during aspiration of secretions, and ESCID detected it in 100% of patients, with 80% in the moderate-severe level. Study limitations: Sample of 15 patients. The study was performed two times. Originality: The obtained results have no comparison with other studies, since they only analyze inter-observer concordance. Conclusions: The concordance between pain measurements with both scales is considered low. ESCID shows higher pain sensitivity, although low score levels may be caused by factors not related to pain. BPS shows lower sensitivity, since it considers the presence of pain with scores without intermediate classifications. This study supports the use of ESCID as a reliable scale for pain assessment

Association between levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prognosis of patients admitted to intensive care units: an analysis using the MIMIC-Ⅲ / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To explore the association between levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on admission and prognosis of patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:The data were collected from patients who were admitted to the ICU of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in the United States from 2001 to 2012 with available TSH test records within 24 hours after the ICU admission via the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-Ⅲv1.4 (MIMIC-Ⅲv1.4). Information including gender, age, ethnicity, type of admission, mechanical ventilation (MV) or renal replacement therapy (RRT) received on admission, comorbidities, and TSH test records within 24 hours after the ICU admission were collected. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, simplified acute physiology score Ⅱ (SAPS Ⅱ) and the comorbidities index Elixhauser (SID30) score were calculated according to the parameters. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Differences in baseline characteristics and prognosis were examined between patients with normal TSH levels and abnormal TSH levels which was determined according to a dichotomous variable provided by the data. Multivariable Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between TSH levels and prognosis after adjusting for confounding factors. A sensitivity analysis was conducted which categorized the study population as three groups (i.e., decreased, normal, and elevated TSH levels) using the range of 0.30-3.00 mU/L as the normal range of TSH.Results:A total of 3 425 ICU patients were enrolled in the study, of which 2 692 (78.60%) were with normal TSH and 733 (21.40%) were with abnormal TSH. There was no statistically significant difference in gender, age, ethnicity, type of admission and the ratio of MV between the normal TSH and abnormal TSH groups. Compared with normal TSH group, the patients in abnormal TSH had a higher SOFA, SAPS Ⅱ and SID30 scores as well as the ratio of RRT [SOFA score: 4 (2, 7) vs. 4 (2, 6), SAPS Ⅱ score: 38.02±13.76 vs. 36.53±13.75, SID30 score: 11 (4, 22) vs. 11 (0, 20), RRT ratio: 5.32% (39/733) vs. 3.49% (94/2 692), all P < 0.05]. The hospital mortality of patients in normal TSH was significantly higher than that of those in abnormal TSH [9.82% (72/733) vs. 5.94% (160/2 692), P < 0.01]. After adjusting for confounding factors, abnormal TSH was significantly associated with hospital mortality [odds ratio ( OR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.24-2.35, P = 0.001]. In the sensitivity analysis in which the range of 0.30-3.00 mU/L was used as the normal range of TSH, compared with normal TSH, decreased TSH ( OR = 2.36, 95% CI was 1.40-3.97, P = 0.001) and elevated TSH ( OR = 1.44, 95% CI was 1.05-1.98, P = 0.023) were both significantly associated with increased hospital mortality. Conclusion:An abnormal level of TSH within 24 hours after admitted to ICU is an independent risk factor for hospital mortality among ICU patients.

Actualización del programa de orientación para enfermeros de la unidad de paciente crítico adulto del hospital regional de Talca (Chile) / Update of the orientation program for nurses of the critical adult patient unit of the regional hospital of Talca (Chile)

El Hospital Dr. César Garavagno Burotto también llamado Hospital Regional de Talca (HRT) el año 2010 inició la construcción de las nuevas instalaciones logrando triplicar la dotación llegando a 1468 cargos y 645 camas(1) aumentando consigo la complejidad en la atención del paciente crítico, logrando ser centro de referencia de VI y VII región en trasplante renal y neurocirugía. Estos cambios van de la mano con la necesidad de nuevas contrataciones de enfermeros/as, los cuales deben pasar por un proceso de orientación clínica institucional que no cumple con los estándares requeridos para dicho proceso. El objetivo del proyecto fue actualizar el programa institucional de orientación para enfermeros/as en la unidad de paciente crítico adulto (UPCA) del HRT incorporando la mentoría clínica y pautas de evaluación, teniendo como resultado un programa basado en evidencia, con metas claras, evaluación clínica objetiva, ajustado a la realidad local y fomentando el análisis crítico. Se realizaron encuestas a funcionarios con 5 o más años de experiencia, usando el método Delphi, en la UPCA HRT, para determinar cuáles son las competencias clínicas que debería adquirir el novato enfermero o enfermera según la subunidad en que se desarrolle, este resultado se complementa con información epidemiológica local de las patologías más comunes en dicha unidad, se tabula la información y se confecciona una rúbrica con resultados de aprendizaje, los cuales serán evaluados en el programa de mentoría clínica.

The Dr. César Garavagno Burotto Hospital, also called the Regional Hospital of Talca (RHT), in 2010 began the construction of the new facilities, managing to triple the staff, reaching 1,468 positions and 645 beds(1), increasing the complexity of critical patient care, becoming a reference center for the VI and VII regions in renal transplantation and neurosurgery. These changes go hand in hand with the need for new nurses to be hired, who must go through an institutional clinical orientation process that does not meet the standards required for said process. The main objective of this project is to update the institutional orientation program for nurses in the critical adult patient unit (CAPU) of the RHT, incorporating clinical mentoring and evaluation guidelines, resulting in an evidence-based program with clear goals, objective clinical evaluation, adjusted to the local reality and encouraging critical analysis. Methodology: using the Delphi method, surveys are carried out on officials with 5 or more years of experience in the CAPU RHT to determine what are the clinical competencies that the novice nurse should acquire according to the subunit in which they develop, this result is complemented with local epidemiological information of the most common pathologies in said unit, the information is tabulated and a rubric is made with learning results, which will be evaluated in the clinical mentoring program.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y terapéuticas de pacientes atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos

RESUMEN Introducción: Los datos sobre las características de los pacientes críticos provienen, por lo general, de los países europeos. Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y terapéuticas de pacientes atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, en periodos de los años 2018, 2019 y 2020. Se incluyeron los pacientes ingresados por más de 24 horas. Se definieron las variables edad, sexo, procedencia y diagnóstico de los pacientes, grado de gravedad, factores de riesgo, infecciones comunitarias y asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria. Resultados: La edad media de los enfermos fue de 38,6 años (36,1-41,3). El 61,0 % pertenece al sexo femenino. El promedio y su desviación estándar del APACHE II fue 8,9 + 6,4 y del SOFA, de 1,2 + 2,1. La mortalidad fue de 7,0 %. La hipoalbuminemia (24,5 %) representó el factor de riesgo más frecuente. Al 27,3 % se le implantó catéter venoso central y el 13,9 % recibió ventilación mecánica artificial. El 54,0 % desarrolló infección comunitaria y el 8,0 % una infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria. Conclusiones: La población se caracteriza por estar cerca de la cuarta década, pertenecer al sexo femenino, proceder del quirófano, presentar afecciones clínicas; hipoalbuminemia y puntaje bajos de APACHE II y SOFA. La mortalidad se mantiene estable y la incidencia de infecciones comunitarias es alta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Data of characteristics of critically ill patients generally come from of European countries. Objective: To identify the clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic characteristics of patients treated in the intensive care unit. Methods: An observational, prospective study was carried out in the intensive care unit, in periods of the years 2018, 2019 and 2020. Patients admitted for more than 24 hours were included. The variables age, sex, origin and diagnosis of the patients, degree of severity, risk factors, community infections and those associated with health care were defined. Results: The patient's average age was 38.6 years (36.1-46.3) and 61.0% belonged to female. APACHE II mean value and standard deviation was 8,9+6.4 and 1.2 + 2.1 for SOFA. Mortality was 7.0 %. Hypoalbuminemia (24.5 %) were the most important risk factor; 27.3 % of patients received a central venous catheter and 13.9 % mechanical ventilation. Community infections were developed by 54.0 % of patients and 8.0 % acquired healthcare associated infections. Conclusions: The population it is characterized by being close to fourth decade, belonging to female sex, proceeding from operating room, clinical conditions, hypoalbuminemia and low values of APACHE II and SOFA scores. Mortality remains stable and the incidence of community infections is high.

Rehabilitación oportuna: un importante coadyuvante para el manejo del paciente crítico en unidades de terapia intensiva / Timely rehabilitation: an important adjuvant for management of the critical patient in intensive therapy units / Reabilitação oportuna: um coadjuvante importante para o tratamento de pacientes críticos em unidades de terapia intensiva

Resumen: Introducción: Las unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) se centran principalmente en el soporte vital y el tratamiento de pacientes críticamente enfermos, pero hay muchos supervivientes con complicaciones, como trastornos musculares generalizados, discapacidad funcional y reducción de la calidad de vida tras el alta hospitalaria, como resultado de estancias prolongadas en estas unidades. En México, a pesar de los beneficios ya reportados, la terapia de rehabilitación en unidades de cuidados intensivos es una estrategia que se lleva a cabo con muy baja frecuencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la eficacia de la rehabilitación temprana en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, observacional con grupos paralelos, conformado por pacientes ingresados a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva que recibieron durante su estancia terapia de rehabilitación y un grupo control, pareado por edad y sexo. La eficacia de la intervención fue determinada, por la mejoría identificada por medio de la escala modificada de Rankin, evaluada al ingreso y al egreso del paciente de Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Resultados: Se estudió un total de 168 individuos, 94 conformaron la cohorte de intervención y 74 integraron el grupo control. El promedio de edad fue de 64 años y los grupos se equilibraron por género. Los datos obtenidos en este estudio demuestran que la intervención fisioterapéutica interviene en la recuperación del paciente dentro de la UTI, como un factor protector (RR 0.69 IC95% 0.61-0.81) y del mismo modo se aprecia que aquellos que no recibieron terapia de rehabilitación mostraron mayor deterioro en las condiciones de egreso que aquellos que fueron intervenidos, con diferencias hasta de dos puntos en la escala de Rankin (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Aquí comprobamos que la rehabilitación es una excelente opción como tratamiento coadyuvante en el paciente ingresado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. La decisión de utilizarla como un procedimiento de rutina, podría impactar de manera positiva en la calidad de vida del paciente recuperado de una condición que eventualmente mantuvo en riesgo su vida. Nosotros proponemos la integración de este tipo de manejo en guías de práctica clínica, normalizadas en todas las Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, dando la oportunidad de elevar las expectativas en los cuidados del paciente crítico, más allá del soporte vital.

Abstract: Introduction: Intensive care units focus primarily on life support and treatment of critically ill patients, but there are many survivors with complications, such as generalized muscle disorders, functional disability, and reduced quality of life after discharge from the hospital, as a result of extended stays in these units. In Mexico, despite the benefits already reported, physiotherapeutic intervention in intensive care units is a strategy that is carried out with very low frequency. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of early rehabilitation in an intensive care unit. Material and methods: A prospective, observational cohort study with parallel groups, made up of patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit who received rehabilitation therapy during their stay and a control group, matched by age and sex. The efficacy of the intervention was determined by the improvement identified by means of the modified Rankin scale, evaluated at admission and discharge of the ICU patient. Results: A total of 168 individuals were studied, 94 made up the intervention cohort and 74 made up the control group. The average age was 64 years and the groups were balanced by gender. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that the physiotherapeutic intervention intervenes in the recovery of the patient within the ICU, as a protective factor (RR 0.69 CI95% 0.61-0.81) and in the same way it is appreciated that those who did not receive therapy Rehabilitation patients showed greater deterioration in discharge conditions than those who underwent surgery, with differences of up to two points on the Rankin scale (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Here we verify that rehabilitation is an excellent option as adjuvant treatment in the patient admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. The decision to use it as a routine procedure could have a positive impact on the quality of life of the patient recovered from a condition that eventually kept his life at risk. We propose the integration of this type of management in clinical practice guidelines, standardized in all intensive care units, giving the opportunity to raise expectations in the care of the critical patient, beyond life support.

Resumo: Introdução: As unidades de terapia intensiva estão voltadas principalmente para suporte de vida e tratamento de pacientes críticos, mas há muitos sobreviventes com complicações, como distúrbios musculares generalizados, incapacidade funcional e redução da qualidade de vida após a alta hospitalar, como resultado de internações prolongadas em essas unidades. No México, apesar dos benefícios já relatados, a terapia de reabilitação em unidades de terapia intensiva é uma estratégia realizada com pouca frequência. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a eficácia da reabilitação precoce em unidade de terapia intensiva. Material e métodos: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, de corte com grupos paralelos, composto por pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva que receberam terapia de reabilitação durante a internação e um grupo controle, pareados por idade e sexo. A eficácia da intervenção foi determinada pela melhora identificada por meio da escala de Rankin modificada, avaliada na admissão e alta do paciente da UTI. Resultados: Foram estudados 168 indivíduos, sendo 94 da coorte intervenção e 74 do grupo controle. A média de idade foi de 64 anos e os grupos foram balanceados por gênero. Os dados obtidos neste estudo mostram que a intervenção fisioterapêutica intervém na recuperação do paciente dentro da UTI, como fator de proteção (RR 0.69 IC95% 0.61-0.81) e da mesma forma avalia-se que aqueles que não receberam terapia de reabilitação apresentaram maior deterioração das condições de alta do que aqueles que foram reabilitados, com diferenças de até 2 pontos na escala Rankin (p < 0.001). Conclusões: Aqui verificamos que a reabilitação é uma excelente opção como tratamento coadjuvante em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A decisão de utilizá-lo como procedimento de rotina pode ter um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida do paciente recuperado de uma condição que acabou por colocar sua vida em risco. Propomos a integração deste tipo de gestão nas diretrizes da prática clínica, padronizadas em todas as unidades de terapia intensiva, dando a oportunidade de elevar as expectativas no cuidado ao paciente crítico, além do suporte de vida.

Comparación de dos sistemas de medición de glucosa en sangre en pacientes adultos internados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Comparison of two blood glucose measurement systems in adult patients hospitalised in an intensive care unit

Resumen El desempeño analítico de la determinación de glucosa es crucial para el manejo del paciente crítico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer si los valores de glucosa determinados por un sistema point of care (POC) eran comparables con el sistema de uso habitual del laboratorio. Se analizaron 60 muestras de pacientes críticamente enfermos. La medición de la glucosa en suero y sangre entera se realizó en el analizador modular Cobas c 501 y, en el POC, Cobas b 221, respectivamente. Se estudió la correlación y concordancia entre los métodos, se compararon los resultados con requerimientos de calidad internacionales y se realizó el análisis de exactitud clínica en planillas de vigilancia de errores (Surveillance Error Grid). La glucemia media en el equipo Cobas b 221 fue 149,96 mg/dL, mientras que la glucemia media en suero en el equipo Cobas c 501 fue 148,37 mg/dL. El coeficiente de correlación obtenido fue 0,95. Mediante el análisis de concordancia se observó que un 5% de los valores superaban las 2 desviaciones estándar. En base a las especificaciones de los requerimientos internacionales, los resultados obtenidos no alcanzaron el desempeño óptimo. El análisis mediante planillas de vigilancia de errores determinó que el 90% de las mediciones se encontraron en la clasificación de grado de riesgo A, y el resto en grado de riesgo B. El analizador Cobas b 221 presenta las características metrológicas adecuadas para suplir al sistema de referencia en situaciones de urgencia o avería.

Abstract The analytical performance of glucose determination is crucial for the management of critical patients. The objective of this research was to establish whether the glucose values determined by a point of care (POC) system were comparable with the laboratory's usual use system. Sixty samples from critically ill patients were analysed. The measurement of serum glucose and whole blood was performed on the Cobas c 501 modular analyser and, at the POC, Cobas b 221, respectively. The correlation and agreement between the different methods was studied and the results compared with the international quality requirements. The analysis of clinical accuracy was performed in ways to monitor errors (Surveillance Error Grid). The average blood glucose in the Cobas b 221 was 149.96 mg/dL, while the average blood glucose in the Cobas c 501 was 148.37 mg/dL. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.95. The concordance analysis showed that 5% of the values exceeded the two standard deviations. Based on the specifications of the international requirements, the results obtained did not reach the optimum performance. The analysis using error monitoring forms determined that 90% of the measurements were in the classification of risk grade A, while the rest were in risk grade B. The Cobas b 221 analyser presents the appropriate clinical characteristics to be used to replace in case of emergency in relation to the Cobas c 501 measurement system.

Resumo O desempenho analítico da determinação da glicose é crucial para o manejo do paciente crítico. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estabelecer se os valores de glicose determinados por um sistema point of care (POC) eram comparáveis com o sistema de uso habitual do laboratório. Foram analisadas 60 amostras de pacientes criticamente doentes. A medição da glicose em soro e sangue total foi realizada no analisador modular Cobas c 501 e no POC Cobas b 221, respectivamente. A correlação e concordância entre os diferentes métodos foram estudadas, os resultados foram comparados com os requisitos de qualidade internacionais. A análise de precisão clínica foi realizada em formulários de monitoramento de erros (Surveillance Error Grid). A glicemia média no equipamento Cobas b 221 foi de 149,96 mg/dL, enquanto que a glicemia sérica média no equipamento Cobas c 501 foi de 148,37 mg/dL. O coeficiente de correlação obtido foi de 0,95. A análise de concordância mostrou que 5% dos valores superavam os dois desvios-padrão. Com base nas especificações dos requisitos internacionais, os resultados obtidos não atingiram o desempenho ideal. A análise por meio de formulários de monitoramento de erros determinou que 90% das medições foram encontradas na classificação do grau de risco A, enquanto que o restante estava no grau de risco B. O analisador Cobas b 221 apresenta as características metrológicas apropriadas para suprir o sistema de referência em situações de emergência ou avaria.

Reporte de altos requerimientos de insulina en pacientes críticos pediátricos con COVID-19. Experiencia con monitoreo remoto continuo de glucosa / Report of high insulin requirements in pediatric critically ill patients with COVID-19. Experience with continuous remote glucose monitoring

Los pacientes en estado crítico con COVID-19 sufren hiperglucemias sostenidas de difícil manejo. A esto se suma el desafío de minimizar la exposición al contagio. En el presente artículo analizamos la evolución metabólica de dos pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19 admitidos en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) para pacientes COVID-19 del Hospital "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, que requirieron tratamiento con insulina endovenosa y cuya glucemia fue monitoreada de manera remota con la plataforma InsuMate® desarrollada en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Los pacientes requirieron tasas de infusión de insulina en dosis marcadamente mayores que las de otros pacientes críticos que impresionaron relacionadas con los valores de marcadores de inflamación. La infusión pudo ajustarse con cuatro monitoreos diarios de glucosa y las métricas obtenidas con el monitor de glucosa. El uso del sistema de monitoreo remoto continuo de glucosa permitió disminuir la frecuencia de monitoreo glucémico durante el tratamiento.

Critically ill patients with COVID-19 suffer from sustained hyperglycemia that is difficult to manage. Added to this is the challenge of minimizing exposure to contagion. In this article we analyze the metabolic evolution of two pediatric patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for COVID-19 patients at the Hospital "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan "from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina, who required treatment with intravenous insulin and whose blood glucose was remotely monitored with the InsuMate® platform developed at the National University of La Plata. The patients required insulin infusion rates in doses markedly higher than those of other critically ill patients, who were impressively related to the values of inflammation markers. The infusion could be adjusted with four daily glucose monitors and the metrics obtained with the glucose monitor. The use of the continuous remote glucose monitoring system made it possible to decrease the frequency of glycemic monitoring during treatment.

Valoración de dolor al paciente en la unidad de terapia de adultos / Pain assessment for the patient in the adult therapy unit

La mirada histórica retrospectiva del dolor nos posiciona frente a su coexistencia con la humanidad. Cada cultura tuvo su peculiar manera de afrontarlo, darle significado y tomar sus medidas de alivio. La ciencia, desde su lugar, ha desarrollado conceptos explicando razones y orígenes de su presencia. Las ciencias médicas en su anhelo de aliviar las dolencias de las personas, elaboraron escalas de evaluación del dolor. En las terapias intensivas, donde el estado de conciencia del paciente varía acorde a la necesidad que se produce a fin de resolver su patología o el motivo de ingreso a este servicio, resulta necesario valorar su estado neurológico para poder así determinar con precisión la escala de evaluación del dolor que aporte el resultado más oportuna según el momento preciso. Debido a los cuidados que lleva a cabo el profesional de enfermería con los internados, es quien permanece mayor tiempo con ellos; pudiendo cultivar una relación interpersonal más profunda, y debido a lo cual, no sólo colaborar en el alivio del dolor, sino también, si fuera necesario, ayudar a que encuentre el sentido a éste, en palabras de Travelbee. Para poder implementar dicha idea, el objetivo del presente protocolo, se define el siguiente objetivo: «Tomar acuerdo e implementar el uso adecuado y continuo de las escalas del dolor, en el paciente de terapia intensiva de adultos, de acuerdo a su grado de conciencia, a fin de reducir el dolor durante su estadía de internación[AU]

The retrospective historical view of pain positions us in front of its coexistence with humanity. Each culture had its own way of dealing with it, giving it meaning, and taking its relief measures. Science, from its place, has developed concepts explaining reasons and origins of its presence. The medical sciences in their desire to alleviate people's ailments, developed pain assessment scales. In intensive therapies, where the patient's state of consciousness varies according to the need that occurs in order to resolve their pathology or the reason for admission to this service, it is necessary to assess their neurological status in order to accurately determine the scale of pain assessment that provides the most timely result according to the precise moment. Due to the care carried out by the nursing professional with the internees, it is he who stays with them the longest; being able to cultivate a deeper interpersonal relationship, and due to which, not only collaborate in the relief of pain, but also, if necessary, help it find meaning to it, in the words of Travelbee. In order to implement this idea, the objective of this protocol, the following objective is defined: "Agree and implement the adequate and continuous use of pain scales, in the adult intensive care patient[AU]

A visão histórica retrospectiva da dor nos posiciona diante de sua convivência com a humanidade. Cada cultura tinha sua própria maneira de lidar com isso, dando-lhe sentido e tomando suas medidas de alívio. A ciência, a partir de seu lugar, desenvolveu conceitos que explicam as razões e as origens de sua presença. As ciências médicas, em seu desejo de aliviar as doenças das pessoas, desenvolveram escalas de avaliação da dor. Nas terapias intensivas, onde o estado de consciência do paciente varia de acordo com a necessidade que ocorre para a resolução de sua patologia ou o motivo da admissão neste serviço, é necessário avaliar seu estado neurológico para determinar com precisão a escala de avaliação da dor que fornece o resultado mais oportuno de acordo com o momento preciso. Devido aos cuidados realizados pelo profissional de enfermagem com os internos, é ele quem fica com eles por mais tempo; ser capaz de cultivar um relacionamento interpessoal mais profundo, e por isso, não só colaborar no alívio da dor, mas também, se necessário, ajudá-la a encontrar sentido para ela, nas palavras de Travelbee. Para concretizar essa ideia, objetivo deste protocolo, é definido o seguinte objetivo: "Acordar e implementar o uso adequado e contínuo de escalas de dor, no paciente adulto em terapia intensiva, de acordo com seu grau de consciência, a fim de reduzir dor durante a sua internação[AU]

Caracterización clínica, humoral y epidemiológica de pacientes graves y críticos con la COVID-19 / Clinical, humoral and epidemiological characterization of serious and critically ill patients with COVID-19

Introducción: Los investigadores advierten sobre la existencia de personas con formas muy graves de la COVID-19. Es notable el reporte de estos enfermos, la existencia de complicaciones favorecedoras de situaciones de amenaza vital y las diferencias hemogasométricas y en otros parámetros bioquímicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos y humorales de enfermos con la COVID-19 durante su estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en 9 pacientes con la COVID-19 ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, de marzo a mayo de 2020. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas. La información procesada se expresó en frecuencias absolutas y porcientos y los resultados se reflejaron en tablas y gráficos. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: la edad, sexo, estado clínico y al egreso de los pacientes y la letalidad. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres (77,8 por ciento), las mujeres evolucionaron mejor (33,3 por ciento graves, ninguna crítica). El 88,8 por ciento de los enfermos tenían al menos una enfermedad crónica asociada. El 33,3 por ciento de los pacientes fueron asintomáticos al ingreso, la neumonía grave y el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, fueron la causa más frecuente de complicación. Conclusiones: Los pacientes fueron mayoría del sexo masculino y todos los críticos fueron de este sexo; con proporciones similares en los grupos etarios; con comorbilidades, el mayor porcentaje, fundamentalmente hipertensión arterial; al ingreso presentaron tos, fiebre, disnea y decaimiento. Todos los críticos demoraron 4 días o más en solicitar asistencia médica. El motivo de ingreso a cuidados intensivos fue la neumonía grave/síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto (AU)

Introduction: Researchers warn of people with severe forms of COVID-19. It is notable the report of these patients, the existence of complications favoring life-threatening situations and the hemogasometric differences and in other biochemical parameters. Objective: To characterize clinical, epidemiological and humoral aspects of patients with COVID-19 during their stay in the intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 9 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit from March to May 2020. Data were obtained from medical records. The processed information was expressed in absolute frequencies and percentages and the results were reflected in tables and graphs. Among the variables analyzed were: age, sex, clinical status and at discharge of the patients and fatality. Results: Men predominated (77,8 percent), women evolved better (33,3 percent serious, no critical). 88,8 percent of the patients had at least one associated chronic disease. 33,3 percent of the patients were asymptomatic upon admission, severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome were the most frequent cause of complication. Conclusions: Most of the patients were male and all the critics were male; with similar proportions in age groups; with comorbidities the highest percentage, mainly hypertension; on admission they presented cough, fever, dyspnea and decay; all critical patients took 4 days or more to request medical assistance. The reason for admission to the intensive care unit was severe pneumonia/adult respiratory distress syndrome(AU)

Effect of optimal time of intermittent pneumatic compression on deep venous thrombosis of critical patients in respiratory department / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of optimal time of intermittent pneumatic compression(IPC) on deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of critical patients in respiratory department.Methods:Totally, 105 critical patients in Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School from July 2018 to October 2019 were divided into experimental group 1, group 2 and group 3 by random digits table method, with 35 cases in each group. The experimental group 1 received IPC treatment with 30 min every time, twice a day; and group 2 received 40 min every time, twice a day; and group 3 received 1 hour every time, twice a day. The incidence of DVT and deep tissue injury was observed among three groups, meanwhile, the coagulation function index among three groups was compared before and after IPC treatment.Results:There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT among the three groups ( P>0.05), however, the deep tissue injury rate were 22.9% (8/35) in the experimental group 3, significantly higher than 2.9% (1/35) in the experimental group 1 and 5.7% (2/35) in experimental group 2, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 values were 6.248, 4.200, P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment, the levels of fbgrinogen and D-Dimer were (5.32±1.82) g/L, (0.71±0.38) mg/L and (4.15±1.82) g/L, (0.39±0.13) mg/L and (3.75±1.46), (0.33± 0.14) mg/L in the experimental group 1, experimental group 2, experimental group 3, respectively; the fbgrinogen and D-Dimer was significantly decreased in the experimental group 2 and experimental group 3 compared to the experimental group 1 ( t values were 2.131-3.977, P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference between experimental group 2 and experimental group 3 ( P>0.05). Conclusions:IPC can be extend to 40 min every time, twice a day, which can significantly improve coagulation function and do not increase the incidence of skin pressure injury of critical patients in respiratory department. It is worth being applied in clinic.

Experiencia de reconversión de un servicio clínico anestésico-quirúrgico en unidad de pacientes críticos COVID-19 en un hospital universitario / Experience of transforming a clinical surgical-anesthetic unit into a COVID-19 critical patient one in a teaching hospital

INTRODUCTION: The experience of restructuring a clinical surgical-anesthetic unit into a critical patient unit in charge of surgical- anesthetic personnel is presented during the period from May to July 2020 in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: Describe the unit's restructuring process, considering technical aspects, changes in staff functions, clinical outcomes of the patients, quality indicators obtained and the psychological impact on the healthcare team. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: The strategies implemented by the responsible experts were described (ie: engineering). Clinical data were obtained from an insti- tutional database and electronical medical records. The management of human resources was described using administrative records of the services of anesthesiology, OR and critical patient unit. The psychological impact on the unit staff was evaluated by applying the Maslach questionnaire. The quality of the clinical management of the unit was obtained from the compilation of standardized quality indicators for the critical patient units of the institution. RESULTS: 25 patients were admitted in the unit. The mean age was 62 ± 12 years. About the complications, 52% had pulmonary embolism, 36% had acute kidney injury, and 1 patient died. The prevalence of Burnout Syndrome was 73.6%. The occurrence of adverse events was minimal. DISCUSSION: The transformation of an anesthetic-surgical unit into a COVID critical patient one, demands a complex net of coordinated strategies to allow facing the attention demand with positive clinical results, at the expense of the health care team mental health.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presenta la experiencia de reconversión de una unidad de cuidados posanestésicos a una unidad de cuidados intensivos a cargo de personal anestésico-quirúrgico entre mayo y julio de 2020, en contexto de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. OBJETIVOS: Describir el proceso de reconversión considerando aspectos técnicos, pertinentes al recurso humano, resultados clínicos, indicadores de calidad e impacto psicológico en el equipo de salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se describen las estrategias implementadas por los expertos responsables. Se obtienen datos clínicos desde base de datos institucional y ficha clínica electrónica. Se describe la gestión del recurso humano utilizando registros administrativos de los servicios involucrados. El impacto psicológico en el personal fue evaluado aplicando el cuestionario de Maslach. La calidad de la gestión clínica se obtiene a partir de indicadores de calidad estandarizados para las unidades de pacientes críticos de nuestro establecimiento. RESULTADOS: Se atendieron 25 pacientes en la unidad. La edad promedio fue 62 ± 12 años. El 52% presentó tromboembolismo pulmonar, 36% injuria renal aguda como complicación. Un paciente falleció. La prevalencia de síndrome de Burnout fue de 73,6%. La ocurrencia de eventos adversos fue baja. CONCLUSIONESConclusiones: La reconversión de una unidad anestésico-quirúrgica a una unidad crítica COVID-19, demanda un complejo entramado de estrategias coordinadas que permiten responder a la demanda de atención con resultados clínicos positivos, a expensas del costo de la salud mental del equipo de salud involucrado.

Hipertensión intraabdominal y síndrome compartimental abdominal en el paciente grave / Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in the severe patient / Hipertensão intra-abdominal e síndrome do compartimento abdominal no paciente grave

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión intraabdominal y el síndrome compartimental abdominal implican un grave pronóstico. Objetivo: Sistematizar contenidos esenciales relacionados con el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de estas emergencias médicas. Método: En la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Guantánamo, entre enero y julio de 2019 se hizo una revisión narrativa sobre el tema a través de una búsqueda en bases de datos electrónicas (Biblioteca Virtual en Salud): LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ClinicalKey, REDALYC, Scopus, Cochrane. Resultados: Se localizaron 125 documentos, y se eligieron 25 relevantes para el objetivo de la revisión. La información se estructuró en los siguientes aspectos: definición, fisiopatología, etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusiones: Se elaboró un referente teórico útil a estudiantes y médicos generales para prepararse sobre el tema. Se identificaron controversias sobre la efectividad del uso de fármacos sedantes, analgésicos, procinéticos, albúmina y diuréticos, la terapia de reemplazo renal y la descompresión gástrica y colónica para el tratamiento médico, el impacto de los tratamientos quirúrgicos en la supervivencia de pacientes y el efecto de la comorbilidad del paciente, la enfermedad causal, la ventana temporal diagnóstico-tratamiento en los resultados terapéuticos de estas emergencias médicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome imply a serious prognosis. Objective: Systematize essential contents related to the diagnosis and treatment of these medical emergencies. Method: In the Faculty of Medical Sciences Guantanamo, between January and July 2019, a narrative review on the subject was made through a search in electronic databases (Virtual Health Library): LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ClinicalKey, REDALYC, Scopus, Cochrane. Results: 125 documents were located, and 25 relevant for the purpose of the review were chosen. The information was structured in the following aspects: definition, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: A useful theoretical reference to students and general practitioners was prepared to prepare on the subject. Controversies were identified about the effectiveness of the use of sedative, analgesic, prokinetic, albumin and diuretic drugs, renal replacement therapy and gastric and colonic decompression for medical treatment, the impact of surgical treatments on patient survival and the effect of the patient's comorbidity, the causative disease, the diagnostic-treatment time window in the therapeutic results of these medical emergencies.

RESUMO Introdução: Hipertensão intra-abdominal e síndrome do compartimento abdominal implicam um prognóstico sério. Objetivo: Sistematizar conteúdos essenciais relacionados ao diagnóstico e tratamento dessas emergências médicas. Método: Na Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Guantánamo, entre janeiro e julho de 2019, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa sobre o assunto, através de uma busca em bases de dados eletrônicas (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde): LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ClinicalKey, REDALYC, Scopus, Cochrane. Resultados: Foram localizados 125 documentos e escolhidos 25 relevantes para a finalidade da revisão. As informações foram estruturadas nos seguintes aspectos: definição, fisiopatologia, etiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Conclusões: Foi preparado um referencial teórico útil para estudantes e médicos de clínica geral para se preparar sobre o assunto. Foram identificadas controvérsias sobre a eficácia do uso de medicamentos sedativos, analgésicos, procinéticos, albumina e diuréticos, terapia de reposição renal e descompressão gástrica e colônica para tratamento médico, o impacto dos tratamentos cirúrgicos na sobrevida dos pacientes e o efeito da comorbidade do paciente, da doença causadora, da janela do tempo de diagnóstico e tratamento nos resultados terapêuticos dessas emergências médicas.

Relação entre estado nutricional, via de administração da dieta e faixa etária de idosos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Relationship between nutritional status, route of administratio of the dieta and age range of older adults hospitalized in an intensive care unit

A identificação do estado nutricional dos idosos tem influência direta nas intervenções nutricionais. Para tanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e relacionar a via de administração dieta, o estado nutricional e a faixa de idade de pacientes idosos internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Foi realizado um estudo transversal e retrospectivo, com fichas de avaliação nutricional de idosos admitidos em uma UTI entre os anos de 2013 a 2015. Foram utilizadas as variáveis: sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço (CB), adequação da CB, diagnóstico principal e via de alimentação. Utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis, considerou-se um nível de significância de p < 0,05. Foram selecionados 168 pacientes com idade média de 72±8,4 anos, 61,9% do sexo masculino, houve prevalência de excesso de peso, seguido de eutrofia através do IMC. A via de alimentação predominante foi a oral. A maioria das internações foi relacionada a doenças cardiovasculares. Houve diferença significativa entre a faixa de idade com a via de alimentação (p=0,004) e a adequação da CB (p=0,001) e entre a via de alimentação com o IMC (p=0,031) e adequação da CB (p=0,001). Os resultados evidenciaram a predominância do excesso de peso e a via oral como forma de alimentação mais prevalente entre os idosos.(AU)

The identification of the nutritional status of older adults has a direct influence on nutritional interventions. To this end, the aim of this study was to identify and relate the route of administration of the diet, the nutritional status and the age range of older patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out, with nutritional assessment sheets of older people admitted to an ICU between the years 2013 to 2015. The variables used were: sex, age, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (CB), adequacy of CB, main diagnosis and feeding route. The chi -square test was used to assess the association between variables, with a significance level of p <0.05. 168 patients were selected with a mean age of 72 ± 8.4 years, 61.9% male, there was a prevalence of overweight, followed by eutrophy through BMI. The predominant feeding route was oral. Most hospitalizations were related to cardio vascular diseases. There was a significant difference between the age range with the feeding route (p = 0.004) and the adequacy of the CB (p = 0.001) and between the feeding route with the BMI (p = 0.031) and adequacy of the CB (p = 0.001). The results showed the predominance of excess weight and the oral route as the most prevalent form of food among older adults.(AU)

Colombian consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Candida Spp. disease in children and adults, / Consenso Colombiano Para el Diagnóstico, Tratamiento y Prevención de la Enfermedad por Candida Spp. en Niños y Adultos

Invasive Candidiasis (IC) and candidemia (as its most frequent manifestation) have become the main cause of opportunistic mycosis at hospital settings. This study, made by members of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), was aimed at providing a set of recommendations for the management, follow-up and prevention of IC / candidemia and mucous membrane candida infection in adult, pediatric and neonatal patients in a hospital setting, including the hemato-oncological and critical care units. All the data obtained through an exhaustive search were reviewed and analyzed in a comprehensive manner by all the members of the group, and the recommendations issued are being made after a careful review of the scientific literature available and the consensus of all specialists involved; the emergence of Candida Spp. problem is highlighted and a correct orientation to health professionals regarding the management of patients with candidiasis is provided in a rational and practical way, emphasizing patient evaluation, diagnostic strategies, prophylaxis, empirical treatment, directed treatment and preventative therapy.

La Candidiasis Invasora (CI) y la candidemia, como su manifestación más frecuente, se ha convertido en la principal causa de micosis oportunista a nivel hospitalario. Este manuscrito realizado por miembros de la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN), tuvo como objetivo proporcionar un conjunto de recomendaciones para manejo, seguimiento y prevención de la CI/candidemia y de la infección candidiásica de mucosas, en población adulta, pediátrica y neonatal, en un entorno hospitalario, incluyendo las unidades hemato-oncológicas y unidades de cuidado crítico. Todos los datos obtenidos mediante una búsqueda exhaustiva, fueron revisados y analizados de manera amplia por todos los miembros del grupo, y las recomendaciones emitidas se elaboraron luego de la evaluación de la literatura científica disponible, y el consenso de todos los especialistas involucrados, reconociendo el problema de la emergencia de las infecciones por Candida Spp. y brindando una correcta orientación a los profesionales de la salud sobre el manejo de pacientes con enfermedad candidiásica, de una forma racional y práctica, enfatizando en la evaluación del paciente, estrategias de diagnóstico, profilaxis, tratamiento empírico, tratamiento dirigido y terapia preventiva.

Aplicativo para avaliação clínica do enfermeiro em paciente crítico / App for clinical assessment of nurses in critical patients

Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis para Avaliação Clínica do Enfermeiro em paciente crítico, fundamentada na Teoria das Necessidades Humanas Básicas, de Wanda Horta. Como método, foi utilizada a pesquisa metodológica aplicada de produção tecnológica, desenvolvida em duas grandes fases. A primeira, denominada fase exploratória, foi caracterizada pela revisão de literatura e informações obtidas dos participantes relativas aos aspectos que consideram na avaliação clínica dos pacientes críticos sob seus cuidados. A segunda se refere ao desenvolvimento da tecnologia assistencial, tendo incluído duas etapas: definição de requisitos e elaboração do mapa conceitual do aplicativo; geração das alternativas de implementação e prototipagem. Como produto final, foi criado o aplicativo Avalia TIS - PACIENTE CRÍTICO para dispositivos iOS e Android, que inclui módulos de cadastro e login do usuário; identificação do paciente; histórico/anamnese; e avaliação clínica. Esta tecnologia contempla funções de inteligência artificial, oferecendo a somatória automática das escalas de avaliação e alertas na tela, quando são registrados parâmetros vitais alterados. Conclui-se que esta tecnologia consiste em uma inovação na coleta de dados dos pacientes em cuidados intensivos. Com uma estrutura dinâmica, ela permite que enfermeiros façam uma avaliação clínica, capaz de contemplar as principais necessidades apresentadas por esses pacientes, em diversos ambientes de cuidados intensivos.

This paper introduces the development of an app for mobile devices, designated to nurse's clinical evaluation of critically ill patients on intensive care, based on the Theory of Basic Human Needs of Wanda Horta. As a method, it was used a methodological research of technological production, developed in two major phases. The first phase, called exploratory phase, characterizes a literature review and collect information from some participants based on the aspects they consider in the clinical evaluation of critically ill patients under their care. The second phase refers to the app's development and includes two stages: definition of requirements and elaboration of the app's conceptual map; establishment of implementation and prototyping alternatives. As a final product, the app called Avalia TIS - CRITICAL PACIENT for iOS and Android devices was created, which includes registration and user login, patient identification, history/anamnesis and clinical evaluation. This technology incorporates functions of artificial intelligence, offering the automatic summation of the evaluation scales and alerts on the screen when vital parameters changes are recorded. In conclusion, this technology consists of an innovation in the data collection from patients in intensive care. With a dynamic structure, it allows nurses to perform a clinical evaluation, capable to contemplate the main needs presented by their patients in several intensive care environments.

Asociación de tamizaje de riesgo nutricional y riesgo nutricional en el enfermo crítico con días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos / Association of nutritional risk screening and nutritional risk in the critically ill with days of mechanical ventilation in critical patients / Associação de triagem de risco nutricional e risco nutricional em pacientes críticos com dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos

Resumen: Introducción: A causa del estado proinflamatorio y de catabolismo que los caracteriza, los pacientes críticos tienen un riesgo elevado de presentar malnutrición, lo cual puede, en combinación con otros factores, contribuir a la disfunción de los músculos respiratorios e incrementar la duración de la ventilación mecánica. La herramienta NUTRIC modificada ha mostrado su capacidad de identificar aquellos pacientes críticos con mayor riesgo nutricional y de correlacionarse con los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la puntuación NRS y NUTRIC con los días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva observacional de 60 pacientes hospitalizados en la UCIA donde se comparó la puntuación NRS y NUTRIC con los días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos. Se utilizaron los registros diarios de pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos y expedientes electrónicos, de los que se obtuvieron datos demográficos, médicos, puntuación NUTRIC y NRS. Resultados: La edad promedio en este estudio fue 43 ± 18 años, y 63% (38) fue del sexo femenino. El promedio de la puntuación APACHE fue de 19.9 ± 9, y el de la puntuación SOFA de 10.1 ± 4.8. El NUTRIC score tuvo una media de 5 ± 1.9 puntos, y el NRS, de 3.5 ± 1.1 puntos. Los pacientes requirieron de ventilación mecánica en un promedio de 4.6 ± 4.1 días. Conclusión: Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la puntuación NUTRIC score modificado con los días de ventilación mecánica, contrario a lo encontrado al correlacionar con la puntuación NRS. En el grupo de pacientes con puntuación NUTRIC alta tuvo un número significativamente mayor de defunciones, en comparación con aquéllos con puntuación baja.

Abstract: Introduction: Because of the proinflammatory state and catabolism that characterizes the critically ill patients have a high risk of malnutrition, which may, in combination with other factors, contribute to the dysfunction of the respiratory muscles and increase the duration of ventilation mechanics. The modified NUTRIC tool has shown its capacity to identify critically ill patients with greater nutritional risk and to correlate with clinical results. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the NRS and NUTRIC score with the days of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Material and methods: Observational retrospective cohort of 60 patients hospitalized in the ICU, where the NRS and NUTRIC scores were compared with the days of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Daily records of patients of the Intensive Care Unit of Adults and electronic files were used, from which demographic, medical, NUTRIC and NRS scores were obtained. Results: The average age in this study was 43 ± 18 years, and 63% (38) were female. The average of the APACHE score was 19.9 ± 9, and that of the SOFA score of 10.1 ± 4.8. The NUTRIC score had an average of 5 ± 1.9 points, and the NRS, of 3.5 ± 1.1 points. The patients required mechanical ventilation an average of 4.6 ± 4.1 days. Conclusion: A significant correlation was found between the NUTRIC score modified with the days of mechanical ventilation, contrary to what was found when correlating with the NRS score. In the group of patients with high NUTRIC score had a significantly higher number of deaths, compared with those with low score.

Resumo: Introdução: Por causa do estado pró-inflamatório e catabólico que os caracteriza, os pacientes graves apresentam alto risco de desnutrição, o que pode em combinação com outros fatores contribuir para a disfunção dos músculos respiratórios e aumentar a duração da ventilação mecânica. A ferramenta NUTRIC modificada mostrou sua capacidade de identificar pacientes críticos com maior risco nutricional e correlacionar com os resultados clínicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os escores NRS e NUTRIC com os dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes adultos em estado críticos. Métodos: Coorte retrospectivo observacional de 60 pacientes internados na UTI, onde os escores NRS e NUTRIC foram comparados com os dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes adultos em estado crítico. Foram utilizados registros diários dos pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos e arquivos eletrônicos, dos quais foram obtidos os dados demográficos, médicos, escore NUTRIC e NRS. Resultados: A média de idade neste estudo foi de 43 ± 18 anos e 63% (38) eram do sexo feminino. O promédio da pontuação APACHE foi de 19.9 ± 9, e a pontuação SOFA foi de 10.1 ± 4.8. O escore NUTRIC apresentou média de 5 ± 1.9 pontos, e o NRS, de 3.5 ± 1.1 pontos. Os pacientes necessitaram de ventilação mecânica em média 4.6 ± 4.1 dias. Conclusão: Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a pontuação escore NUTRIC modificado com os dias de ventilação mecânica, ao contrário do que foi encontrado quando correlacionado com o escore NRS. No grupo de pacientes com pontuação NUTRIC alta, houve um número significativamente maior de óbitos comparados àqueles com pontuação baixa.

Presión de distensión como factor pronóstico de mortalidad en el paciente crítico obeso con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda / Driving pressure as a prognostic factor of mortality in the critical patient with obesity and acute respiratory distress syndrome / Pressão de distensão como fator prognóstico de mortalidade no paciente obeso crítico com síndrome de dificuldade respiratória aguda

Resumen: Introducción: Se ha demostrado que la presión de distensión pulmonar (ΔP) es la variable física que mejor correlaciona con la supervivencia en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, sugiriendo un valor protector <15 cmH2O. Objetivo: El propósito fue identificar si los valores de ΔP como margen de seguridad descritos son un factor pronóstico de mortalidad, aplicados en pacientes obesos con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en la UCI. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío UMAE 1, Guanajuato, de enero a julio del 2018. Se ingresaron 47 pacientes >18 años e IMC > 30 kg/m2 con diagnóstico de SDRA bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se registró la ΔP y Pplat a las 24, 48 y 72 horas desde su ingreso. Resultados: Se encontró una diferencia significativa tanto en la ΔP, como en la Pplat (p < 0.05) a las 24 h siendo de 14.08±5 (12-20) en el grupo de los sobrevivientes y de 16.56±3 (12-21) en el de los no sobrevivientes. Conclusión: Se observó que el mantener la ΔP y Pplat en rangos < 15 y < 30 respectivamente, en las primeras 24 h tiene un impacto sobre la mortalidad de estos pacientes.

Abstract: Introduction: Pulmonary distension pressure (ΔP) has been shown to be the physical variable that best correlates with survival in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, suggesting a protective value <15 cmH2O. Objective: The purpose was to identify if the values ​​of ΔP as safety margin described are a prognostic factor of mortality, applied in obese patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in the ICU. Methods: Longitudinal, prospective, observational study, carried out in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Bajío National Medical Center UMAE 1, Guanajuato, from January to July 2018. 47 patients> 18 years old and BMI> 30 were admitted. with diagnosis of ARDS under invasive mechanical ventilation. The ΔP and Pplat were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after admission. Results: A significant difference was found in both ΔP and Pplat (p <0.05) at 24 hrs, being 14.08 ± 5 (12-20) in the group of survivors and 16.56 ± 3 (12-21) in non-survivors. Conclusion: It was observed that maintaining ΔP and Pplat in ranges <15 and <30 respectively, in the first 24 hrs has an impact on the mortality of these patients.

Resumo: Introdução: Tem sido demonstrado que a pressão de distensão pulmonar (ΔP) é a variável física que melhor se correlaciona com a sobrevida em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, sugerindo um valor protetor < 15 cmH2O. Objetivo: O objetivo foi identificar se os valores de ΔP como margem de segurança descritos são um fator prognóstico de mortalidade, aplicados em pacientes obesos com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo na UTI. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional, realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Centro Médico Nacional de Bajío, UMAE 1, Guanajuato, de janeiro a julho de 2018. Foram admitidos 47 pacientes > 18 anos e IMC > 30 kg/m2 com diagnóstico de SDRA sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. O ΔP e o Pplat foram registrados às 24, 48 e 72 horas após a admissão. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma diferença significativa tanto no ΔP quanto no Pplat (p < 0.05) às 24 h, sendo 14.08 ± 5 (12-20) no grupo dos sobreviventes e 16.56 ± 3 (12-21) nos não sobreviventes. Conclusão: Observou-se que a manutenção do ΔP e Pplat nas faixas < 15 e < 30, respectivamente, nas primeiras 24 horas tem impacto na mortalidade desses pacientes.

Design and application of a medical bed and its bedside angle measuring device / 中华危重病急救医学

Patient position management is an important work in clinical treatment. In clinic, it is necessary to adjust the corresponding patient's position according to the characteristics of the patient's condition. The appropriate patient's position plays an important role in treating the disease, alleviating the severity of symptoms and preventing the complications in the critical patients. A medical bedside angle measuring device and medical bed was designed. The measuring device was convenient for the clinicians to read the raised angle in time, improving the working efficiency, and the structure was simple and the operation was convenient. The whole device mainly included panel, unfolding device and medical bed with bed angle measuring device on the panel. There was an angle display area, with the range of display angle was 0°to 75°, which was adjusted to the corresponding angle according to the needs of the patient's condition under usage. The angle corresponding to the horizontal measurement line was the angle of elevating the head of the bed. The newly invented medical bedside angle measuring device and the medical bed could help the clinical medical staff know the patient's position at a glance, raising the bed head accurately, and making it convenient to use. It provided a good solution for clinical application and it was worth to popularize.